Paediatric Trauma Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Paediatric Trauma - Essay Example Details of the case are presented in this paper as well as the proper medical management of this case base on the paramedical standard of paediatric trauma protocol and other reliable sources, utilising theories and related literatures significant in this study to convey a realistic and valid approach of management. Description of the Scene At 08:49, an accident was reported involving a 9-year-old boy, named Martin, who has been hit by a car travelling approximately 30 kilometres an hour whilst crossing the road on his bicycle. On the scene, the boy is conscious with some respiratory distress 10 minutes after the incident. His left leg appears to be deformed, more likely associated to fractured tibia, fibula, or both. A man holding the boy’s helmeted head, maintaining spinal alignment and who claimed that he is the driver of the car and a trained first aider, said that Martin complained about tightness in his chest and that he has asthma. Paediatric Trauma To start with, it is important to emphasize that the term â€Å"trauma† is being used in this study according to its medical definition as a serious or critical bodily injury, wound or shock (MedicineNet.com, 2011). Trauma is the leading cause of childhood mortality because after the age of 5 years, rapid neuromuscular development, frequent social interactions with other children, wider range of activities, and less parental supervision predisposes them to greater risk. Paediatric trauma is more difficult to handle than in adults as presented in Staheli’s (2003, pp. 105-107) ‘Pediatric Orthopaedic Secrets’ book of the contributions made by Dr. Cummings about child versus adult trauma management: Details about the child’s injury will be difficult to gather if the trauma was not witnessed by an adult; assessment is difficult to establish as children frequently resist examination. Trauma causes more death and injury in children than in adults and unintentional injury caus ing blunt trauma is more common to children. Between 30% to 70% of trauma deaths in children are due to head injury because anatomically, children’s head is larger in proportion to the body than in adults and their neck muscles are weaker, thus the cervical spine is more susceptible to injury; their skulls are thinner, and scalps are more vascular than those of adults. Children’s liver and spleen are larger relative to their size than in adults, making them prone to hemorrhage due to intra-abdominal injury. Children are more prone to hypothermia due to higher body surface-to-mass ratio, their skin is thinner and they have smaller stored fats compared to adults. Children cannot be relied on when it comes to immobilization required in fracture healing during recovery as they tend to resume normal activity (if unattended) once they do not feel pain anymore. Assessment of Paediatric Trauma At the moment the health care provider reaches the scene, it is a standard operating procedure that he/she will introduce himself/herself in the crowd while conducting the primary survey and clearing the site for potential harm. Assessment of paediatric trauma in pre-hospital setting should be done rapidly to make sure that the injured child will be transported right away to the nearest facility where in-depth assessment, management, and treatment shall be given. In the pre-hospital setting, the rapid assessment and preparation includes: (1) minimizing scene time, (2) controlling external bleeding and shock, (3) immobilization, (4) immediate transport to the closest appropriate facility, (5) obtaining information from the handover, (6) assessment for level of consciousness, respiratory rate, systolic blood pressure, revised trauma score, and paediatric trauma score, (7)

National Science Foundation and global warming Essay

National Science Foundation and global warming - Essay Example Hence the outcome presented by researchers mentioned by Longley (2006a) indicates that the resulting transfer of heat into the oceans would cause global sea levels to rise another 4 inches from thermal expansion. (Longley, 2006a) In the present scenario where global warming is the outcome of extensive fossil fuel emissions, it would be no use to look upon the main causes of global warming. However, still the onus is on the shoulder of human activities that cause global warming. Central consumption patterns have generated such a rapid worldwide deforestation that a majority of the earth's rainforests have gone early in the 21st century. However, the outcome is in the form of uncultivable land as global warming has made 53 percent of the world's land uncultivable, and desertification had encompassed nearly two-fifths of the earth's surface by the end of the 20th century. Oil slicks on the oceans and the rise in sea level triggered by global warming have endangered more than half the world's coastal ecosystems. According to a UN Report, yet 60 percent of the world's population lives within 65 miles of coasts, relying on those habitats for food and economic livelihood. Among many Governmental efforts to reduce global warming is the committee set up by National Research Council (NRC), which analyzed not only the global warming trend and ratio but also evaluated the extent to which warming in many versatile ways may be hazardous to humans. The committee being consisted of eleven top most researchers and noble prize winners of the U.S after examining concluded that nothing can be done to stop the dilemmatic conditions rising from global warming because of the reason that 21st century human activities are unlike the past centuries when man was not dependant on machines. Global warming, according to Adler is not a serious threat as predictions for future warming are largely based on computer models that are unable to predict even current temperatures accurately. So, how come the world can rely upon such models that predict dangers of greenhouse in the future Since 1979, the so-called highly accurate satellite measurements taken have remained unsuccessful in finding warming trend. And independent measurements from weather balloons corroborate these readings. So, usually measurement near cities show high temperatures in the global climate. (Adler, 1998) Today humans are based upon technical operated machines and computer models, due to which it would be a mistake to continue thinking of processes to reduce global warming. Global warming would continue to rise as long as there is a continuous greenhouse gas emission. (1) Political leaders have always warned of global warming, as the people they led have never bothered about to increase their emissions of greenhouse gases. One very large problem in greenhouse effect refers to the climate

African-American Lynch Mob Essay Example for Free

African-American Lynch Mob Essay Author David Horowitz has written an article called African-American Lynch Mob. In the article Mr. Horowitz is expressing his frustration with the way African –American civil rights leaders, namely Reverend Jesse Jackson and Al Sharpton are inciting a lynch mob mentality in regards to the death of Trayvon Martin. Trayvon Martin, who was a 17 year old African-American male, was shot to death by George Zimmerman who happens to be Hispanic. Mr. Horowitz believes that the lynch mob racist, Reverend Jesse Jackson and Al Sharpton are leading the way for the African-American community to insinuate that George Zimmerman is a racist without any facts. First I take issue with Mr. Horowitz fallacy calling Reverend Jesse Jackson and Al Sharpton racist. Is it racist for an individual or group to stand up and fight against inequality and injustices? For many decades Reverend Jackson and Reverend Sharpton have helped those African-Americans who could not help themselves when the odds were stacked against them; providing a strong voice for the law and lawmakers to listen to, when the voices of the African-American citizens were not heard. Doing this does not make one a racist. As mentioned previously, Mr. Horowitz states that Mr. Zimmerman is being labeled a racist without any facts; this is a fallacy and not exactly true. Recently audio has been discovered that has Mr. Zimmerman’s making racial slurs, along with eyewitnesses stating that they personally heard him making racial slurs. The impending investigation will prove whether Mr. Zimmerman is a racist or not; however even in this early stage, investigator will have enough reasons to not rule out the cause of death by race crime. Mr. Horowitz belief that the evidence is irrelevant to the so call lynch mob is unfounded. The African-American protesters are only protesting because they believe there is enough evidence to warrant an arrest of Mr. Zimmerman. However, instead of being arrest Mr. Zimmerman is walking free. Mr. Horowitz calls the display of racial outrage over this case a national disgrace, and I disagree with that statement. The display of racial outrage over this case is not a national disgrace; the fact that African-Americans still have to protest because of injustice is a national disgrace. As I concluded the article it was pretty evident that Mr. Horowitz view point was a bit slighted. It seems to me that the views he has taken are based on his dislike for Reverend Jesse Jackson and Al Sharpton, and their way of obtaining justice for those who they lead and represent. Mr. Horowitz dislike for both of the reverends probably goes a long way back, and because of this, any point that he makes in regards to these two reverends should be taken with a grain of salt.

Modernist Design Styles in Architecture: Frank Lloyd Wright

Modernist Design Styles in Architecture: Frank Lloyd Wright Modernism appeared in the 20th century. Modernism is simple and with no decoration design style. Although this style was appear early 20th century and have different designers or architect have many spread. But still have too little modern architecture build in early 20th century. After World War II, they become many company and agency. And make this style be the top. Here have some architect is more famous. Walter Gropius, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Le Corbusier and Frank Lloyd Wright. Frank Lloyd Wright is one of the famous architect in early 20th century. He is a American Institute of Architects, interior designer, Writer and Educators. His design project is over thousand and finish about five hundred. And he believes that design should achieve harmony between humans and the environment. And it become Organic architecture. For example, Fallingwater is the famous on the world. This design can prove his idea. Also this design is one of the best architect on the American. More than 70 years of his career at Architects. He design different architecture. It including Office, Church, Skyscrapers, Hotel and Museum. Also he design some furniture and stained glass. In his life he write over 20 book and article. And he is the famous speakers. In 1991, American Institute of Architects call Wright â€Å"The best Architect†. He designed different architecture. And his design was famous. For example, Robie House, Imerial Hotel, Fallingwater, Taliesin West, The Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, Price Tower and Jonson Wax Headquarters. Also his idea was affected many designer. Someone said how Wright work change American architecture, but someone said â€Å"How didnt Frank Lloyd Wright change architecture in America I think is really the way to say it because it is hard to imagine what American architecture would be like or even probably world architecture without Frank Lloyd Wright. About the Organic architecture, he has a famous works. It called Fallingwater. Fallingwater build in 1934-1937. In 1991, members of the American institute of Architects named the house the â€Å" best all-time work of American architecture† and in 2007 , it was ranked twenty-ninth on the list of Amercian’s Favorite Architecture according to the AIA. About the design, the shape of the building look natural, casual, stretch. Also The main room of the building with an outdoor terrace, platforms and roads, intertwined, also obtained with the surrounding natural landscape with the effect of fusion. About the material, White concrete and stone let this design look merge in the environment. And this design is very special. Because the platform is above the waterfall, this design in that time is intensely. And this design was influence many architect. Also it cause the new design style. About the Taliesin West design, he thinks it has been linked with the desert. So he use loca l stone and concrete. Also the natural lighting is the main role. Because he believes the natural lighting can let inside the building connect to the outside. His idea has affected some architect. For example Neville Gruzman, Kendrick Bangs Kellogg, Alvar Aalto, Nari Gandhi and Bruce Goff. All of them have build Organic architecture. Such as Neville Gruzman. Hills House and Gruzman House is the famous organic architecture. Also Hills House is the work is thought of as a two 20th century houses: â€Å"Fallingwater† and â€Å"Farnsworth House†. And Gruzman House is use materials such as dark stained timbers and natural brick. His architect is conform Wright method. About Bruce Goff, he said that his hero is Wright and Sullivan. Then he started to contact the original design. Bavinger House is significant example of organic architecture. The house has no interior wall; instead there are a series of platforms at different height, with curtains that can be drawn for privacy. The design use many natural night, make the inside area connect to the outside. Kendrick Bangs Kellogg is an innovator of organic architecture. In 1955, he met Wright and the brief meeting provided an inspiration. His design is not fit neatly into the same with Wright, Bruce Goff or other organic architects. His building are studies of layered, segmented and unfolding space. And he design Onion house. It is a landmark of organic architecture. The design use employs translucent arching roof panels. Since with no outside walls, the division between interior and exterior consists of screen or stained glass. But someone maybe doesn’t know what organic architect is. So Wright explains that, it is term meant from nature, organic architecture was indeed a natural architecture. And now we finally understand what organic architect is. And he think good building is not one that hurts the landscape, but one which makes the landscape more beautiful than it was before the building was built. So he wants clean lines and simplicity. And disliked intricate detail and fussiness of the architectural styles. In addition to organic architect, Wright steel has affected other architect. For example John S. Van Bergen. And his style is Prairie style homes. About the Prairie style. In 1909, Wright developed what known as the Prairie Style. Typical Prairie style home is distinguished by horizontal lines on the exterior, emphasized by a low-pitched hipped roof. But Wright use different color, and let the ceiling heights and hallway widths to alternately compress and expand the sense of space. His design went beyond the building to the finest details of the interior space, include furniture, art glass and other interior design. And the famous prairie style architect is Robie House. It was designed in 1908. Frank Lloyd Wright’s designs of home and building have inspired generations of architects, including most of what is called â€Å"modern architecture.† His influence is international—many other countries have considered Frank Lloyd Wright’s designs as a major template of their contemporary styles. More than 30 states in the United States possess Frank Lloyd Wright structures and most architectural critics agree with that every state in the country has buildings that reflect Wright’s style. Nowadays, when human want to develop something else, and they will destroy the natural. So they must remember that Wright has said the human beings and nature can conexist. And it is important, even he is gone, but his architectural theory still affected other designer. But someone think he was arrogant man. Because he want to let his own considerable on his clients. For example, Fallingwater. The design is special and innovative. But despite there may be dangers he still carry out his out his design. I think his behavior is correct. Because if one’s creativity is easily affected by the others, then that one is not a qualified designer. Plagiarism: 24% http://encyclopedia.jrank.org/articles/pages/6404/Wright-Frank-Lloyd.html http://freshome.com/2012/09/03/10-great-architectural-lessons-from-frank-lloyd-wright/ http://translate.google.com.hk/translate?hl=zh-TWsl=enu=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Lloyd_Wrightprev=/search%3Fq%3Dfrank%2Blloyd%2Bwright%2Binfluences%2Bon%2Barchitecture%26sa%3DN%26biw%3D1367%26bih%3D840 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Goff http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neville_Gruzman http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kendrick_Bangs_Kellogg http://www.distinctbuild.ca/neville_gruzman_architect.php Can teachers promote democracy in the classroom? Can teachers promote democracy in the classroom? Democracy is a highly desirable but contested concept in education, argues Paul R. Carr.  [1]  However, little is known about how current and future educators perceive, experience and relate to democracy, which could have a significant impact on how students learn about, and become involved in civic engagement and democracy.  [2]   Study at a university in northeast Ohio This study was aimed at exploring the perspectives, experiences and perceptions of current and future educators who are students at a university in northeast Ohio. This study focused on two themes; attitudes towards democracy and attitudes towards democracy and education. With regards to the first theme, when asked to define democracy, respondents, most frequently, referred to a form of government, often alluding to elections and voting. Many answers contained similar combinations of words about it being a government by the people and for the people or a government in which the people hold the power rather than government officials. Voting seems to be the central focus for the majority of respondents. With regards to the second theme, a large number of respondents did not make a direct connection between education and democracy. Part of the reason for this is perhaps the discomfort some respondents exhibited vis-à  -vis politics. Most respondents admitted to not having a truly democratic educational experience during their high school years. Of particular note is that most of the students viewed democracy in education as being uniquely or primarily associated with elections. A number of reasons were provided to explain why the respondents educational experiences were not considered democratic, including the curriculum and minority issues; such issues were ignored by the school. In a democracy, the majority rules, yet the minority groups would not be ignored. One prevalent comment postulated that; The students do not govern the classroom; the teacher is the dictator. The students do not vote for the teacher; the teacher is appointed. Given that in a democracy the people hold the p ower, the students are correct in saying that the school that they attended was not democratic. Racial discrimination was highlighted by a student, who contributed that There is no fairness in the classroom; the teachers expect African-Americans to do poorly; they dont challenge us in advanced courses. In a proper functioning democracy, all the students would be given equal opportunities. When asked about whether their high school experience had an impact on their thinking about democracy, a small minority indicated in the affirmative, whereas most of the respondents were less positive. Many more respondents, however, echoed the sentiment that their high school had avoided the subject or even, more drastically, failed them in not preparing them to deal with such issues. As a middle-ground response to the question about a democratic experience in high school, a number of respondents highlighted that this consisted of a single class on government or politics. When asked about whether teachers should strive to inculcate a sense of democracy in students, the vast majority of respondents agreed strongly. Yet students are not to be indoctrinated by a set of values which the teacher decides to be the best; they are to be left free to abide with and live their life in line with any values that they choose. Some of the respondents stated that teaching about politics is not the teachers job, but the government should take care of that. Furthermore, there were some who stated that politics was not part of their area of study, thus there was no need to study about democracy.  [3]  The fact that there are students at university level whom are not interested in democracy is quite worrying, especially when this reality is tied to the fact that they do not put pressure on the governments and the school administrations to practice democratic practices in the classrooms. In this case, the teachers would find themselves in a dilemma; should they or sh ould not they work towards democratic practices in the classroom? Democratic Classrooms and Discipline Harvey Craft  [4]  commented that classroom management often includes a large dose of suppressive techniques intended to simply control. In recent years a movement has emerged to teach democracy in schools by being democratic. Dozens of books, organizations, and incentives have grown from the new emphasis on democratic schools. Democratic schools emphasize the development of mutual respect and trust between students and teachers. The process of transforming a school to a democratic school requires special training for staff members. Teachers will learn some management skills that reflect democracy and mutual respect. There is list of management techniques for teachers that promote democracy and give students an idea of what democracy is all about. According to Craft, the teacher should explain that rules must encourage free and honest exchanges in an orderly manner. The teacher should engage students in discussions about the value of mutual trust and respect, and discussions about rights, responsibilities, and privileges. Another discussion that students should be allowed to participate in is that regarding the limitations of freedoms, particularly freedom of speech, and discussions about moral behaviour. The teacher should allow students to participate in the development of rules and consequences. The students are to be given the opportunity to develop their bill of rights, in this way it would be clear both for the students and for the teachers what their rights and obligations are. The teacher should plan regular lessons about character development. The students are to be prepared how to behav e and act in a democratic society. Craft continued to argue that students should have the right to call for discussions whenever an issue that affects the whole class crops up. They should also have the right to vote on matters that affect them. The teacher should set goals for the class that reflect the development of responsibility. Moreover, students are to be given opportunities to practice responsibility. An example might be to allow students to sharpen pencils without asking permission, provided they can properly determine a time that does not interrupt or distract others.  [5]   Circle time a democratic classroom setting A democratic classroom setting is that when the class is set up in the form of a circle. In this way, people get to talk democratically about problems with equal respect for everybody. When circle time takes place, students and the teacher are to be seated on the same level so as to represent their equality. Sometimes there needs to be a spare chair / space so people can move into the space and meet people who they have not met before. Often circle time starts with something quiet like talk but later there can be games so you can move round and meet new people. Wherever possible, the teacher adheres to the same rules as the students so as to express the equality between the two; teacher and students. In the initial stages a special object will be passed around, only the person holding the object will speak, the others would listen. Everyone gets a chance to speak, yet no one has to if they do not want to. Usually the teacher will ask for a volunteer to start a new topic. Children will be encouraged to talk clearly and speak to the circle as a whole and not just toward the teacher. Any criticism passed is to be constructive criticism.  [6]   Free schools Some believe that democracy in the education system means that the child would have a free choice whether to attend any lessons at all. If he decides to attend, he should have the choice to choose which lessons he will attend to. According to this school of thought, neither the parents, nor society, not even the government should have a say on the education of children. They are to be left completely free to make up their own mind. Following on from this it would be reasonable to expect that a child would have some say over the curriculum, the day-to-day running of the school and even the appointment of teachers. Both students and teachers would have the right to call a meeting when they feel that there is the need of one. Some would argue that this idea is in favour of anarchy within the educational field. The critics of this school believe that this idea is the perfect formula for chaos and disaster. The people who believe in this radical idea refer to some schools which adhered to this practice. The Albany Free School in New York, USA, the Booroobin Sudbury School in Queensland, Australia, the Sudbury Valley School in Massachusetts, USA, and Summerhill in Norfolk, England. There are some differences between these free schools, such as the degree to which students have a say over economic decisions. But all these schools have one thing in common without which they probably could not function; the spirit of community. When living in a community, children learn to respect others.  [7]   Case study of a Free School The Albany Free School has been functioning for the past 32 years. This school does not follow a curriculum and there are not any compulsory classes. Classroom sessions that do take place are usually informal and last as long as the interest holds. There are not any tests or grades either. This school states that learning happens best when it happens for its own sake. A childs innate desire to learn is a far more powerful motivating force than any external reward or threat. As regarding behaviour, the teachers do not monitor over the pupils but the students learn to manage themselves. During the meetings, both the students and the teachers have an equal vote, thus they share the responsibilities for the decisions taken. One issue which is discussed during these meetings is the school policy within various areas. Each day unfolds organically according to peoples moods and interests, to the season and the weather, and to local and even world events. They reserve the right to make plans quite spontaneously. This does not mean that there are not plenty of ongoing, focused activities and projects. On any given day students might be found writing poetry and short stories, creating books, magazines and works of art, rehearsing and performing plays, or learning French or algebra. There are daily languages and maths classes for students who choose to tackle their basic skills in a more orderly and directed way. There are also classes in areas like history and science depending on student interest. As one would expect, the word competition does not exist in this school. Children with mental health problems who attend this school do not take drugs to solve their problem. The system which the school uses to function renders the drugs unnecessary.  [8]  These types of schools have received a lot of criticism. Critics believe that these schools are to radical and so not the way that democracy should be practised. Conclusion Through a systematic review of what democracy means, combined with how schools can become engaged in democratic practices, students will enhance, not only their academic, but also their socio-cultural and political experience, thus enriching themselves and the society in which they reside.  [9]  

Black Elks The Earth is All that Lasts Essay -- Native Americans

Black Elk's The Earth is All that Lasts The U.S. Military played a dramatic role in shaping the west as we know it today. The U.S. Military has mistreated the Native Americans in numerous ways in the past. Also, they have virtually eliminated nearly all the Native American Tribes in the United States. Before the arrival of the U.S. Military, Native Americans lived almost peaceful lives. In the article "The Earth is all that Lasts," Black Elk talks about what happened during General Custard's Last Stand and what it was like to be a Native American during that period of time. In the past, many things have influenced me of how the Native Americans had to survive. For instance, some types of material that helped me realize just what the Native Americans had to endure in order to survive were history classes, books, the Internet, movies, television shows, and this article. In Black Elk’s article, the account of Custer’s Last Stand only reinsured my views. Black Elk explains some of the suffering and how the Native Americans had to search for a new location constantly. Black Elk also shows that the military drove the Native Americans out of their homelands, and how badly the Native Americans were treated. The U.S. Military has used many different strategies to eliminate the Native Americans. There were things such as, peace treaties, and battles. Mainly, they did this for power, land, and "yellow metal" or gold. Someone had to suffer if the U.S. Military and United States Citizens were going to take over the west and it happened to be the Native American Tribes, the rightful land and territory owners. Native Americans tried to come up with peace treaties, but the U.S. Military hardly ever abides by them.... ...eople in return. In conclusion, I am embarrassed that we, Americans, could have performed such a horrible act toward the Native Americans, who are human beings like the rest of us. I also really enjoyed reading Black Elk’s essay because the person telling the story was a Native American. It was really interesting to hear the views of what happened from a real Native American, and not from someone who went to the library and found a book on Native Americans and started to write not knowing whether or not the information was true or a lie. Overall, I feel that this article really taught me about what the Native Americans had to do to fight for the rights and their lives. Works Cited Elk, Black. "The Earth is all that lasts." American Voices: Culture and Community. Ed. Dolores LaGuardia and Hans P. Guth. Mountain View: Mayfield, 1998. 144-156.

Innocence in William Blakes The Divine Image Essay -- Blake Divine Im

Innocence in Blake's The Divine Image  Ã‚      Blake was both a poet and an artist and he created many Illuminated works which combined the two. These forms, each powerful in their own right are even more so when used together as in "The Divine Image." In analyzing this piece I will be looking at the elements and principles of art, the corresponding ‘elements and principles' of poetry and how they support one another to convey William Blake's idea of Innocence. Elements are the fundamental building blocks used in either art or poetry. In art they are line, shape/form, value, texture, colour (which I wasn't able to deal with in this case as the only reproduction was black and white) and space. In poetry one might classify the elements as word choice, word placement, scansion or meter, capitalization and punctuation. Principles are what are produced by putting the elements together. In art they are focal point, movement, subordinate area (background or setting), contrast and repetition. Interestingly in poetry several are similar, namely movement, contrast and repetition. Other things one might classify as principles of poetry are rhyme, line treatment, and tone. Of all the elements of art I will be dealing with, line and shape are by far the most important. All the figures are outlined and the vines running throughout the picture constitute line as do the letters. Line is also essential in the creation of value as this was printed on a press and all the ink is the same value. To create changes in value Blake used different densities and numbers of lines. The only texture in this work is a sort of implied texture that comes with creating value through a build up of line; some areas tend to acquire a ridged look. The use o... ... contrast of the living and the fire but neither the vine nor the figures are consumed. This presents an image of innocence similar to that of the Lion and the Lamb. Both the poem and the image serve to re-enforce each other as they present the freedom, harmony, and safety found in the state of Innocence. It seems fitting that these together would be called an Illumination as they help shed light on Blake's true meaning. Works Cited and Consulted Blake, William. Songs of Innocence and of Experience. Intro. Geoffry Keynes. New York: Oxford University Press, 1967. Easson, Kay. "The Art of the Book." Blake in His Time. Essick and Pearce ed. 1978. (35-51). Frye, Northrop. "Poetry and Design in William Blake." The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism. 10 (Sept., 1951) 35-42. Mellor, Anne. Blake's Human form divine. U of California P Berkeley; 1974.

Music and Fashion

Subculture is a word which implies liberty of creativeness, liberty of appearance, ease and liberty of a selected model for getting pleasure. In addition, to resolve the contradictions of forefathers and parents culture, where forefathers and parents culture fails to provide a workable ideology for the next generation it usually takes the form of rituals, fashion and music. However, there is an important connection between fashion and subculture, and it is clothes that the young generations wear in the street, the new ideas of the rock bands, the glittering clothes in the clubs  Ã‚   have influenced a lot fashion design industry.According to Brian â€Å"The transformation rave culture from underground, and frequently illegal, dance parties organized by electronic music lovers to highly publicized popular concerts sponsored by local radio stations and major music labels was predictable, if not wholly inevitable. After all, part of capitalism's appeal lies in its ideological flexibi lity–its capacity to embrace transgressive subculture, repackage it, and sell it as the latest stylistic innovation.Though predictable, rave culture's evolution was and continues to be anything but simple and straightforward. It entails a set of complex negotiations surrounding the meanings of artist, authorship, and authenticity. It reflects deeply fought rhetorical/ideological battles around communalism and commercialism, performance and product, and sharing and spectacle†. (Brian, pg, 249+)Mainly, Raves attract people who belong to the middle-class and are in their mid-teens to late-twenties. Normally, the average age of people at most of the rave events is 18 to 25 years. More interestingly, the average age of the Ravers increased due to its popularity among all age group people.Rave scene has its own culture instead of just a party term. Vivacious group of like-minded young individuals gather in one platform and dance in order to join rave communities. The rave tra dition has become popular among New York youth.In this regard, one community has developed a Ravers website and named it (www.Raveclick.com). The primary motive behind the creation of this website was to urge youth to adopt rave culture. With the advent of this website, music and fashion in New York have gone out of their track. For example, the outfits and style of music were completely changed. Rockers have begun to perform electronic hip-hop music which amused ravers in dance parties.In rave parties, teenagers dance to electronic music from dusk to dawn. Old scholars treat the rave as a hypertext of delight and disappearance. In the period of 1989 to 1992, rave culture began to flourish into a global phenomenon on grassroots basis. In 1980 Rave people were first traveled to attend the rave parties, usually at that time the parties were arranged in home basis. However, by the mid of 1990 major companies were started to sponsor rave parties on commercial basis.In subculture trends, fashion dressing of teenagers are very interesting and unluckily very little studied. In this regard, if we look imaginative and psychological nature of fashion dressing we will find it very interesting, For instance, style of haircuts, clothes and accessories, and make up etc.According to Nayak, â€Å"the excessive style of Charver spilled over from fabrics to music. Many Charver Kids favored Rave and Jungle music, sounds that were historically tied to the mutating patterns of cultural syncretism formed in British inner cities. Interestingly, some of the young people who had spoke disparagingly about Charver style in one context were willing to admit that they were ‘a bit Charver’ in their tastes towards music and certain elements of fashion. Thus, James admitted liking ‘Rave, Coliseum kinda thing’ and was willing to take on a Charver identity at certain moments†. (Nayak, pg, 16)More interestingly, among the rave community, characteristics of life such as gender, age, sexual orientation, race, dress and many other things do not matter. Ravers are the people who come out at night, for fun. Nonetheless with regard of subculture context, every one in the rave community wants himself or herself to mark some distinct point in his or her individual personal characteristics by doing something different from others. With respect of this, before joining the rave party, raver eyes aglow with anticipation, body curious for foreign rhythms, glittering shoes encompass feet hungry for dancing these are some fantasies which always are the primary context of a Raver.Youth culture denotes to a homogenous belief of teenagers as doing similar things and being dealt in a similar fashion and plays down aspects of distinctions. Generally, this idea was popular with United States sociologists in the period of 50s and 60s mainly those of the social functionalism persuasion. For instance, in 1964 Talcott debated that although youth culture, disconcer ting for young generation, but in reality it performed certain useful functions for society. It was a security valve, a way of letting off steam for young generation caught up in the period of doubt and indistinct social roles.In this regard, we have been noticed so many times that in some communities families tend to have closer interaction with teenagers and they seem so intent on being different to their forefathers and parents. On the other hand, in some communities young age children may intentionally choose a specific subculture group in order to reinforce their independence and even opposition to their family culture. It has been observed that, children who belong to upper class communities have more disposable income resources to spend in entertainment, sport and some other related activities. Consequently, while they indulge themselves in these activities they face a diverse society and adopt certain things from other which is sometimes considered a primary root of subcultu re society.According to Wilson â€Å"The rave issue is contextualized through a thorough examination of the history of rave scenes. Not surprisingly, Wilson discovers that rave culture has its roots in disco, pre-disco, warehouse parties and gay clubs in New York City, Chicago, Detroit and Britain. More interestingly, however, is Wilson's scrupulous documentation of previous scholarship of the heyday of rave. He reveals that while some scholars were claiming the libidinal space of the rave dance floor as an anti-patriarchal realm of resistance, others were decrying its elitism and upper-middle class tendency toward exclusion and clique formation. So the question becomes, does rave culture alter and question reality, or does it confirm it.† (Wilson, pg, 224)The most controversial issue of rave subculture is excessive use of drugs and from the very outset of the rave parties it has been closely associated with it. Ravers in dance parties usually take dugs as to get more amuseme nt. More interestingly, in some communities beside alcohol drinks drugs are the primary motive of joy and happiness in rave parties.Often Ravers have embraced deviation and exoticism with respect of people, music, and everything. In addition, different cultures have established because of rave offers a lack of hierarchy and the pure sense of progression that are significant for the social and emotional development of a particular group.As discussed above, drugs and violence have been known as an element of the rave subculture but it is very difficult to judge the degree of their impact on young generation. However, curious youth have already embraced and hence encouraged many of the aesthetic hallmarks of rave culture.Conclusionâ€Å"According to Huq Rave could be seen as the last subculture, signifying either most recent or even as those pronouncing the end of youth culture contend, and the final one. In many ways it is cause and effect of youth culture coming of age. For the danc e music generation computer technology, foreign travel and drugs have largely been normalized as they have grown up with all three†.  Ã‚   (Huq, 2006, pg, 108)Ravers say that Rave culture express respect, peace and love, nevertheless, some people who do not wish to join this upstream subculture, can mark numerous negative stereotypes of raves. In this context, one must recognize the diversities and differences as well as similarities between the today’s and past generation youth. However, in order to find out the concept of subculture is valid or not this area needs more study. In this regard, one can say that awkward fashion and dance in mainstream youth which bring them together in one platform may be a good idea to share their own life beliefs culture, social customs and so forth.On the other hand, as we have discussed earlier that in ravers gathering Ravers frequently take drugs to boost their stamina and to mark some distinct cultural values among others a clash of individualism may occur in respond to other behavior and personal nature. In the end, one can say that not every thing in today’s upstream youth is bad and the birth of subculture fashion and music presenting a modern image of the world.Works CitedBrian L. Ott, Mixed Messages, Resistance and Reappropriation in Rave Culture, Western Journal of Communication. Volume: 67. Issue: 3. Publication Year: 2003. Page Number: 249+.Huq Rupa, Pop Arts / Pop Culture, (2006),Nayak Anoop, Race, Place and Globalization, Youth Cultures in a Changing World. New York. Publication, Year: 2003 page nuber (16)Wilson Brian, Fight, Flight Or Chill: Subcultures, Youth, And Rave In The Twenty-first Century, McGill-Queen's University Press 0-7735-3061-4, Paper 224 pp. (n.d.)